See kulak on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kulak meaning in All languages combined (34.3kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "раскула́чивание",
"3": "",
"4": "dekulakization"
},
"expansion": "Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaki",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "kulaki"
},
"expansion": "kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kalmyk terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kazakh terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kyrgyz terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mongolian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tajik terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "en:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "en:Soviet Union",
"parents": [
"Asia",
"Europe",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "anarcho-kulak"
},
{
"word": "kulakism"
},
{
"word": "kulakize"
},
{
"word": "kulakise"
},
{
"word": "kulakisation"
},
{
"word": "kulakization"
},
{
"word": "dekulakise"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakise"
},
{
"word": "dekulakize"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakize"
},
{
"word": "dekulakisation"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakisation"
},
{
"word": "dekulakization"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakization"
},
{
"word": "self-dekulakisation"
},
{
"word": "self-dekulakization"
},
{
"word": "subkulak"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast, retrieved 20150206",
"text": "We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers."
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "employer [⇒ thesaurus]"
},
{
"word": "landlord"
},
{
"word": "petit bourgeois"
}
],
"id": "en-kulak-en-noun-PUF-c9ui",
"links": [
[
"prosperous",
"prosperous"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kurkul"
},
{
"word": "koulak"
},
{
"word": "kulack"
},
{
"word": "Kulak"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "koelak"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "kūlāk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "كُولَاك"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qūlāq",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قُولَاق"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "կուլակ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富農"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fùnóng",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富农"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koelak"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulakki"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koulak"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳulaḳi",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "კულაკი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kulak"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kulakin"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koulákos",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "κουλάκος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "קולאק"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kūlāk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "कूलाक"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "कुलक"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulák"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulakka"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kurāku",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "クラーク"
},
{
"alt": "ふのう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "funō",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富農"
},
{
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "kullakeu",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "쿨라크"
},
{
"alt": "富農",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "bunong",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "부농"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "budzis"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulaks"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "buožė"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakas"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "nog",
"lang": "Nogai",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakk"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "kulâk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "کولاک"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kułak"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culac"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chiabur"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"english": "term used during collectivisation",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"offensive"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"english": "original term",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "quloq"
},
{
"alt": "富農",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "phú nông"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "cu-lắc"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kulak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkuːlak/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkulæk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "animate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaků",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulacích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "kulak m anim",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m.an"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cs",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "cs:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cs",
"name": "Communism",
"orig": "cs:Communism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Leftism",
"Socialism",
"Politics",
"Society",
"Economics",
"All topics",
"Social sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cs",
"name": "People",
"orig": "cs:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dekulakizace"
},
{
"word": "kulacký"
},
{
"word": "kulačka"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačení"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačený"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačit"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačovaný"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačovat"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačování"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata, Praha: Baronet, page 144",
"text": "Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.\nPeople say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)"
],
"id": "en-kulak-cs-noun-fcFDVw4b",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
],
[
"prosperous",
"prosperous"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"enemy of the people",
"enemy of the people"
],
[
"communist",
"communist"
],
[
"collectivization",
"collectivization"
],
[
"Czechoslovakia",
"Czechoslovakia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)"
],
"tags": [
"animate",
"derogatory",
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"cs:kulak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkulak]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ulak"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "ubor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaki",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "kulaki"
},
"expansion": "kulak m (plural kulaki)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧làk"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"id": "en-kulak-it-noun-TsUMm96C",
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"uncommon"
],
"word": "culaco"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈlak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaken",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaker",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk"
],
"id": "en-kulak-nb-noun-YsyJ0~cr",
"links": [
[
"kulakk",
"kulakk#Norwegian Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaken",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "kulakk"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Nynorsk entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of kulakk"
],
"id": "en-kulak-nn-noun-B0Lw6q1h",
"links": [
[
"kulakk",
"kulakk#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "#s"
},
"expansion": "kulak m (plural kulaks)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pt",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "pt:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pt",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "pt:Soviet Union",
"parents": [
"Asia",
"Europe",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"id": "en-kulak-pt-noun-TsUMm96C",
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "قولاق",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "qulaq"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-oat",
"3": "قلاق",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "qulaq"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kulkak",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "otk",
"2": "𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴",
"ts": "qulqaq"
},
"expansion": "Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulağı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklara",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaktan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağıma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarıma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaksın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarsın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaktır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaksınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarsınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "kulağı",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "kulaklar",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kulağı",
"2": "lar"
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a",
"poss": "1",
"pred": "1",
"stem": "kulağ"
},
"name": "tr-infl-noun-c"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tr",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "tr:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish nouns with irregular stem",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tr",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "tr:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tr",
"name": "People",
"orig": "tr:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "tr",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "tr:Soviet Union",
"parents": [
"Asia",
"Europe",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dış kulak"
},
{
"word": "iç kulak"
},
{
"word": "kulağakaçan"
},
{
"word": "kulak altı bezi"
},
{
"word": "kulak arkası etmek"
},
{
"word": "kulak asmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak demiri"
},
{
"word": "kulak dolgunluğu"
},
{
"word": "kulak erimi"
},
{
"word": "kulak kabartmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak kanalı"
},
{
"word": "kulak kemiği"
},
{
"word": "kulak kepçesi"
},
{
"word": "kulak kesilmek"
},
{
"word": "kulak kıvırmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak kulağa"
},
{
"word": "kulak memesi"
},
{
"word": "kulak misafiri"
},
{
"word": "kulak sadakası"
},
{
"word": "kulak tıkamak"
},
{
"word": "kulak tırmalamak"
},
{
"word": "kulak tutmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak zarı"
},
{
"word": "kulakçı"
},
{
"word": "kulakdavulu"
},
{
"word": "kulaklı"
},
{
"word": "kulaklık"
},
{
"word": "kulaksız"
},
{
"word": "kuzukulağı"
},
{
"word": "orta kulak"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ear"
],
"id": "en-kulak-tr-noun-PGo2tkD8",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) ear"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ku.ˈɫɑk/"
},
{
"audio": "Tr-kulak.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg/Tr-kulak.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg",
"text": "audio:"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Russian кула́к (kulák).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulağı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "kulağı",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "kulaklar",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kulağı",
"2": "lar"
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"kulak"
],
"id": "en-kulak-tr-noun-gvRbJhhS",
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ku.ˈɫɑk/"
},
{
"audio": "Tr-kulak.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg/Tr-kulak.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg",
"text": "audio:"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dekulakizace"
},
{
"word": "kulacký"
},
{
"word": "kulačka"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačení"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačený"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačit"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačovaný"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačovat"
},
{
"word": "rozkulačování"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "animate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaků",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaci",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulacích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "kulak m anim",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m.an"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Czech animate nouns",
"Czech derogatory terms",
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech lemmas",
"Czech masculine animate nouns",
"Czech masculine nouns",
"Czech nouns",
"Czech terms borrowed from Russian",
"Czech terms derived from Russian",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Czech terms with historical senses",
"Czech terms with quotations",
"Czech velar-stem masculine animate nouns",
"Rhymes:Czech/ulak",
"Rhymes:Czech/ulak/2 syllables",
"cs:Agriculture",
"cs:Communism",
"cs:People"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata, Praha: Baronet, page 144",
"text": "Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.\nPeople say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
],
[
"prosperous",
"prosperous"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"enemy of the people",
"enemy of the people"
],
[
"communist",
"communist"
],
[
"collectivization",
"collectivization"
],
[
"Czechoslovakia",
"Czechoslovakia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)"
],
"tags": [
"animate",
"derogatory",
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"cs:kulak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkulak]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ulak"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "anarcho-kulak"
},
{
"word": "kulakism"
},
{
"word": "kulakize"
},
{
"word": "kulakise"
},
{
"word": "kulakisation"
},
{
"word": "kulakization"
},
{
"word": "dekulakise"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakise"
},
{
"word": "dekulakize"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakize"
},
{
"word": "dekulakisation"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakisation"
},
{
"word": "dekulakization"
},
{
"word": "de-kulakization"
},
{
"word": "self-dekulakisation"
},
{
"word": "self-dekulakization"
},
{
"word": "subkulak"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "раскула́чивание",
"3": "",
"4": "dekulakization"
},
"expansion": "Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaki",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "kulaki"
},
"expansion": "kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "employer [⇒ thesaurus]"
},
{
"word": "landlord"
},
{
"word": "petit bourgeois"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Russian",
"English terms derived from Russian",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Kalmyk terms with redundant script codes",
"Kazakh terms with redundant script codes",
"Kyrgyz terms with redundant script codes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Mongolian terms with redundant script codes",
"Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes",
"Tajik terms with redundant script codes",
"Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"en:Agriculture",
"en:People",
"en:Soviet Union"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast, retrieved 20150206",
"text": "We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers."
],
"links": [
[
"prosperous",
"prosperous"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
],
"wikipedia": [
"kulak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkuːlak/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkulæk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kurkul"
},
{
"word": "koulak"
},
{
"word": "kulack"
},
{
"word": "Kulak"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "koelak"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "kūlāk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "كُولَاك"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qūlāq",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قُولَاق"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "կուլակ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富農"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fùnóng",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富农"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koelak"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulakki"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koulak"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳulaḳi",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "კულაკი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kulak"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kulakin"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "koulákos",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "κουλάκος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "קולאק"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kūlāk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "कूलाक"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "कुलक"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulák"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulakka"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kurāku",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "クラーク"
},
{
"alt": "ふのう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "funō",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "富農"
},
{
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "kullakeu",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "쿨라크"
},
{
"alt": "富農",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "bunong",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "부농"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "budzis"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulaks"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "buožė"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakas"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "nog",
"lang": "Nogai",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulakk"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "kulâk",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "کولاک"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kułak"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culac"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chiabur"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "kulak",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "кулак"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"english": "term used during collectivisation",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kurkúlʹ",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"offensive"
],
"word": "курку́ль"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"english": "original term",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kulák",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кула́к"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "kulak"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "quloq"
},
{
"alt": "富農",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "phú nông"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "prosperous peasant",
"word": "cu-lắc"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к",
"4": "",
"5": "wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person"
},
"expansion": "Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”)",
"name": "ubor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaki",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "kulaki"
},
"expansion": "kulak m (plural kulaki)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧làk"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian 2-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian historical terms",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian masculine nouns",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms borrowed from Russian",
"Italian terms derived from Russian",
"Italian terms spelled with K",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Italian unadapted borrowings from Russian",
"Rhymes:Italian/ak",
"Rhymes:Italian/ak/2 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuˈlak/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ak"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"uncommon"
],
"word": "culaco"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaken",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaker",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Bokmål lemmas",
"Norwegian Bokmål masculine nouns",
"Norwegian Bokmål nouns",
"Norwegian Bokmål pre-2005 forms"
],
"glosses": [
"form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk"
],
"links": [
[
"kulakk",
"kulakk#Norwegian Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaken",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "kulakk"
}
],
"categories": [
"Norwegian Nynorsk entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas",
"Norwegian Nynorsk masculine nouns",
"Norwegian Nynorsk nouns",
"Norwegian Nynorsk pre-2005 forms"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of kulakk"
],
"links": [
[
"kulakk",
"kulakk#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulaks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "#s"
},
"expansion": "kulak m (plural kulaks)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese masculine nouns",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms spelled with K",
"Portuguese terms with historical senses",
"pt:Agriculture",
"pt:Soviet Union"
],
"glosses": [
"kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"kulak#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish nouns",
"Turkish nouns with irregular stem",
"Turkish terms borrowed from Russian",
"Turkish terms derived from Old Anatolian Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Turkish terms derived from Russian",
"Turkish terms inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish",
"Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic",
"Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Turkish terms with audio links",
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dış kulak"
},
{
"word": "iç kulak"
},
{
"word": "kulağakaçan"
},
{
"word": "kulak altı bezi"
},
{
"word": "kulak arkası etmek"
},
{
"word": "kulak asmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak demiri"
},
{
"word": "kulak dolgunluğu"
},
{
"word": "kulak erimi"
},
{
"word": "kulak kabartmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak kanalı"
},
{
"word": "kulak kemiği"
},
{
"word": "kulak kepçesi"
},
{
"word": "kulak kesilmek"
},
{
"word": "kulak kıvırmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak kulağa"
},
{
"word": "kulak memesi"
},
{
"word": "kulak misafiri"
},
{
"word": "kulak sadakası"
},
{
"word": "kulak tıkamak"
},
{
"word": "kulak tırmalamak"
},
{
"word": "kulak tutmak"
},
{
"word": "kulak zarı"
},
{
"word": "kulakçı"
},
{
"word": "kulakdavulu"
},
{
"word": "kulaklı"
},
{
"word": "kulaklık"
},
{
"word": "kulaksız"
},
{
"word": "kuzukulağı"
},
{
"word": "orta kulak"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "قولاق",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "qulaq"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-oat",
"3": "قلاق",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "qulaq"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kulkak",
"t": "ear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "otk",
"2": "𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴",
"ts": "qulqaq"
},
"expansion": "Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulağı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklara",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaktan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulakları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarını",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağıma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarıma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınıza",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarına",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarında",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarından",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağımızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarımızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağınızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarınızın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarının",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarım",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaksın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarsın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaktır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulağız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaksınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklarsınız",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklardır",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "kulağı",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "kulaklar",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kulağı",
"2": "lar"
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a",
"poss": "1",
"pred": "1",
"stem": "kulağ"
},
"name": "tr-infl-noun-c"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"tr:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"ear"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"ear",
"ear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) ear"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ku.ˈɫɑk/"
},
{
"audio": "Tr-kulak.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg/Tr-kulak.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg",
"text": "audio:"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish nouns",
"Turkish terms borrowed from Russian",
"Turkish terms derived from Russian",
"Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Turkish terms with audio links",
"tr:Agriculture",
"tr:People",
"tr:Soviet Union"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кула́к"
},
"expansion": "Russian кула́к (kulák)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Russian кула́к (kulák).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kulağı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "kulaklar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "kulağı",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "kulaklar",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kulağı",
"2": "lar"
},
"expansion": "kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧lak"
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"kulak"
],
"links": [
[
"kulak",
"#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ku.ˈɫɑk/"
},
{
"audio": "Tr-kulak.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg/Tr-kulak.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tr-kulak.ogg",
"text": "audio:"
}
],
"word": "kulak"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: pre-2005",
"path": [
"kulak"
],
"section": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kulak",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: pre-2005",
"path": [
"kulak"
],
"section": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kulak",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.